Secrets of Alamut Castle, a fortress of knowledge and history
Alamut Castle is a historic fortress nestled in the stunning Alborz Mountains of northern Iran. The name ‘Alamut’ is believed by some to mean ‘eagle’s nest’ in the ancient Tati language; others suggest it refers to a tame eagle. Situated in Gazor Khan village in Alamut Valley of Qazvin Province, the castle is approximately 105 kilometers from the city and is a top attraction for visitors to Qazvin.
History
The castle was constructed in 865 CE by Hasan ibn Zayd, who founded the Zaydid dynasty. Chosen for its steep slopes and difficult terrain, Alamut Castle was designed as a military stronghold, surrounded by cliffs, with the only access route located to the northeast, facilitating its defense.
In 1090 CE, Hassan-e Sabbah, leader of the Nizari branch of Ismaili Muslims, acquired the castle without bloodshed, winning over the villagers, guards, and even the local governor’s deputy.
By 1092 CE, Sabbah renovated and fortified the castle, constructing food and water storage facilities to create a self-sustaining refuge capable of withstanding prolonged sieges.
Architecture
Alamut Castle showcases various architectural styles from different periods, primarily built with stone, baked bricks, plaster, limestone, ceramics, clay pipes, and wooden frames. Most of the fortifications date back to the time of Hassan Sabbah.
The castle is divided into western and eastern sections, containing two main castles and originally featuring four towers, although the western tower has since collapsed. The sole visible entrance lies below the western tower, with a tunnel leading to the southern tower.
Sabbah designed hidden rooms and underground tunnels that connected the castle to concealed exits away from the perimeter. A deep moat was excavated around the southern wall for added defense against invaders, while an open area between the two castles served as a space for training and social gatherings. Guard rooms were built into the cliff on the southern wall, while a residential area for guards and their families was established in the eastern section, which included three water reservoirs, a stable, and multiple living quarters.
Library
Hassan Sabbah also established a library within the castle, amassing one of the rarest collections of ancient books. Sadly, much of this library was destroyed during Hulegu Khan’s invasion of Alamut. According to a book entitled Tarikh-e Jahangushay, penned by Ata-Malik Juvayni, the library contained 400,000 volumes of vital scientific manuscripts. Renowned scholars such as Naser al-Din al-Tusi dedicated years to research in the castle’s laboratories, documenting their findings in manuscripts stored in the library. During the Mongol invasion, Juvayni implored Hulegu Khan to spare some of these invaluable manuscripts from destruction.
Mongol invasion
After Hassan Sabbah’s death, Alamut remained an Ismaili stronghold until 1256, when Hulagu Khan besieged the fortress. Rukn al-Din Khurshah ultimately surrendered the castle. The Mongols subsequently burned and razed the castle and its extensive library, repurposing it as a prison in the following years. In 1257 CE, the Nizari forces briefly recaptured the castle, re-establishing Ismaili rule. However, in 1282, they were once again ousted by Abaqa Khan, Hulagu’s son.
The castle is steeped in mystery due to the secretive nature of the Ismaili sect that governed there for centuries. Following the Mongol destruction, many secrets were lost along with the original structure. Although it now lies in ruins, visitors can still explore the site and ponder its enigmatic past.
Location
As mentioned earlier, Alamut Castle is situated in the Alborz Mountains within the Alamut Valley. It is accessible through tour packages or individual travel, with approximately a three-hour drive from Tehran leading to this historical site.
The Alamut Valley, renowned for its historical significance, is located about four hours north of Qazvin. It provides a unique glimpse into rural life in Iran. Like many villages in the valley, Gazor Khan is abundant with orchards filled with apple, apricot, and cherry trees. In spring, visitors can witness the stunning cherry blossoms that blanket the gardens in a snowy white hue.
There are several hikes you can do around Gazor Khan and in the Alamut Valley. Basically, you can follow any path and have spectacular views all around you.